ʻIke ʻoe i ka mōʻaukala waina?

ʻO ka waina he mea inu ʻawaʻawa maʻamau i hana ʻia mai nā hua waina fermented.Hoʻopau ka hū i ke kō i loko o nā hua waina a hoʻololi iā ia i ethanol a me carbon dioxide, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka wela i ke kaʻina hana.ʻO nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hua waina a me nā ʻano hū he mau mea nui i nā ʻano waina like ʻole.ʻO kēia mau ʻokoʻa ka hopena ma muli o ka pilina paʻakikī ma waena o ka hoʻomohala biochemical o ka hua waina, nā hopena i pili i ka fermentation, ka ulu ʻana o ka hua waina (terroir), a me ke kaʻina hana waina.Nui nā ʻāina i nā inoa inoa i manaʻo ʻia e wehewehe i nā ʻano a me nā ʻano o ka waina.Hoʻopili maʻamau kēia i ke kumu ʻāina a me nā ʻano hua waina i ʻae ʻia, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka hana waina.ʻO nā waina ʻaʻole i hana ʻia mai ka hua waina e pili ana i ka fermentation o nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe e like me ka waina raiki a me nā waina hua ʻē aʻe e like me ka plum, cherry, pomegerane, currant a me elderberry.

No Georgia (c. 6000 BCE), Iran (Persia) (c. 5000 BCE), a me Sicily (c. 4000 BCE) nā hua waina mua loa i ʻike ʻia.Ua hōʻea ka waina i ka Balkans ma 4500 BC a ua hoʻopau ʻia a hoʻolauleʻa ʻia ma Helene kahiko, Thrace a me Roma.I loko o ka mōʻaukala, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka waina no kāna mau hopena ʻona.

Ua loaʻa nā hōʻike archaeological a me archaeobotanical mua loa no ka waina waina a me ka mahiʻai waina, mai 6000-5800 BCE ma ka ʻāina o Georgia hou.Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike archaeological a me nā moʻokalaleo i ka hana mua ʻana o ka waina ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia ma ka Hema Caucasus (e hoʻopuni ana iā ʻAmenia, Georgia a me Azerbaijan), a i ʻole ka ʻāina ʻĀsia Komohana ma waena o Eastern Turkey, a me Iran ʻĀkau.ʻO ka hale kūʻai waina mua loa i ʻike ʻia mai 4100 BCE ʻo ia ka hale waina Areni-1 ma ʻAmenia.

ʻOiai ʻaʻole ka waina, ʻo ka hōʻike mua loa o ka hua waina a me ka laiki i hui pū ʻia me nā mea inu fermented i loaʻa ma Kina kahiko (c. 7000 BCE).

Nā kikoʻī o kahi hōʻoluʻolu o nā alapiʻi hikina o ka Apadana, Persepolis, e hōʻike ana i ka poʻe ʻAmenia e lawe ana i kahi amphora, he waina paha, i ke aliʻi.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi hōʻike a ka poʻe kālaihonua i ka makahiki 2003 i ka hui ʻana o nā hua waina me ka laiki i mea e hana ai i nā mea inu fermented hui ʻia ma Kina kahiko i nā makahiki mua o ka millennium ʻehiku BC.ʻO nā ipu ipu lepo mai ka pae Neolithic o Jiahu, Henan, aia nā ʻāpana o ka waika tartaric a me nā mea hoʻohuihui ʻē aʻe i loaʻa mau i ka waina.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke kāpae ʻia nā huaʻai ʻē aʻe o ka ʻāina, e like me ka hawthorn.Inā ʻo kēia mau mea inu, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻomaka i ka waina raiki, ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua waina ma mua o nā huaʻai ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano ʻano ʻōiwi maoli o Kina, ma mua o Vitis vinifera, i hoʻokomo ʻia i 6000 mau makahiki ma hope.

ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka moʻomeheu waina ma ke komohana ʻo ia paha ma muli o ka poʻe Phoenicians i hoʻolaha i waho mai kahi kumu o nā kūlanakauhale-mokuʻāina ma ke kahakai Mediterranean e pili ana i kēia lā ʻo Lebanona (a me nā wahi liʻiliʻi o Israel/Palestine a me Suria kahakai);[37] ] akā naʻe, ua maʻa mua ka moʻomeheu Nuragic ma Sardinia i ka ʻai ʻana i ka waina ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka poʻe Phoenicians.Ua lawe ʻia nā waina o Byblos i ʻAigupita i ka wā kahiko a laila ma ke Kaiwaenahonua.ʻO nā mea hōʻike no kēia, aia nā moku Phoenicia ʻelua mai 750 BCE, i loaʻa me kā lākou mau ukana o ka waina i paʻa, i ʻike ʻia e Robert Ballard Ma ke ʻano he mea kālepa nui mua i ka waina (cherem), ʻike ʻia ka poʻe Phoenicians i pale iā ia mai ka oxidation me kahi papa o ka waina. ʻO ka ʻaila ʻoliva, a ukali ʻia me kahi sila o ka pinewood a me ka resin, e like me ka retsina.

ʻO nā koena mua loa o ka Hale Aliʻi ʻo Apadana ma Persepolis mai ka makahiki 515 BC, aia nā kiʻi kiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā koa mai ke aupuni ʻo Achaemenid Empire e lawe mai ana i nā makana i ke aliʻi ʻo Achaemenid, a ma waena o lākou ka poʻe ʻAmenia e lawe mai i kā lākou waina kaulana.

He nui nā ʻōlelo moʻokalaleo no ka waina ma Homer (ke kenekulia 8 K.K., akā pili paha i nā haku mele mua), ʻo Alkman (ke kenekulia 7 K.K.) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Ma ʻAigupita kahiko, ʻeono o 36 mau amphora waina i loaʻa i loko o ka hale kupapaʻu o King Tutankhamun nona ka inoa ʻo "Khaʻy", he aliʻi aliʻi waina.ʻElima o kēia mau amphoras i koho ʻia mai ka waiwai pilikino o ke aliʻi, a ʻo ke ono mai ka waiwai o ka hale aliʻi o ʻAtena.Ua ʻike pū ʻia nā ʻāpana waina ma waena o ʻAsia Xinjiang i Kina i kēia manawa, mai ka lua a me ka makahiki mua BC.

E kaomi ana i ka waina ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana;Tacuinum Sanitatis, ke kenekulia 14

ʻO ka ʻōlelo mua i ʻike ʻia no nā waina i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hua waina ma India mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 4 BCE i kākau ʻia e Chanakya, ke kuhina nui o Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.Ma kāna mau kākau ʻana, hoʻāhewa ʻo Chanakya i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka waiʻona i ka wā e hoʻomanaʻo nei i ka mōʻī a me kāna ʻaha hoʻokolokolo i ka ʻano waina i kapa ʻia ʻo madhu.

Ua kanu nā Roma kahiko i nā māla waina ma kahi kokoke i nā kūlanakauhale paʻa i hiki ke hana ʻia ka waina ma ka ʻāina ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana ma kahi mamao.ʻO kekahi o kēia mau wahi kaulana i kēia manawa no ka hana waina.Ua ʻike ka poʻe Roma i ka ʻā ʻana o nā kukui sulfur i loko o nā kīʻaha waina ʻole e mālama iā lākou i ka hou a me ka ʻole o ka ʻala o ka vīneka.I ka wā kahiko o ʻEulopa, ua kākoʻo ka ʻEkalesia Katolika Roma i ka waina no ka mea ua koi nā kāhuna pule ia mea no ka Mass. Ua hana nā mōneka ma Farani i ka waina no nā makahiki, ʻo ia i loko o nā ana.ʻO kahi mea ʻai Pelekane kahiko i ola ma nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole a hiki i ke kenekulia 19 e koi ana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka waina keʻokeʻo mai ka ʻawaʻawa ʻino a i ʻole ka waina bastardo.

Ma hope mai, ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mamo o ka waina ʻahaʻaina no ka ʻono ʻono.ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka waina waina hou i ka waina Farani, ka waina Italia, ka waina Sepania, a ua lawe ʻia kēia mau kuʻuna waina waina i loko o ka waina hou.No ka laʻana, lawe ʻia nā hua waina Misionari e nā mōneka Franciscan i New Mexico i ka makahiki 1628 e hoʻomaka ana i ka hoʻoilina waina o New Mexico, ua lawe pū ʻia kēia mau hua waina i Kaleponi i hoʻomaka i ka ʻoihana waina Kaleponi.Mahalo i ka moʻomeheu waina Spanish, ua lilo kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua i mea hana kahiko a nui loa, kēlā me kēia, o ka waina o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo Viking sagas i kahi ʻāina maikaʻi i piha i nā hua waina ʻāhiu a me ka waina maikaʻi loa i kapa ʻia ʻo Vinland.[51]Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka poʻe Sepania i kā lākou mau kuʻuna waina waina ʻAmelika ma Kaleponi a me New Mexico, ua hoʻāʻo ʻole ʻo Farani a me Pelekane e hoʻokumu i nā kumu waina ma Florida a me Virginia.